One of the questions I am frequently asked is What is AmeriCorps? (Pronounced Uh-mare-i-core) Many people are familiar with the Peace Corps, and AmeriCorps is often referred to as the “domestic Peace Corps.”
Both AmeriCorps and Peace Corps members are not employees, but are paid a small living stipend to offset their expenses for their time of service. Both offer individuals challenging and rewarding opportunities to serve in various capacities to strengthen communities. Over 420,000 Americans have served full-time in the Peace Corps in more than 142 countries across the world since 1961. Currently, there are 7,334 members and trainees serving in sixty-one countries. The average age of members is 26 and 99% are unmarried. Peace Corps members receive three months of training and serve for two years in their service country. They focus on developing sustainable solutions for the world’s most pressing challenges such as education, youth development, health, agriculture and community economic development. More than 800,000 AmeriCorps members have served in 15,000 service sites in the United States since 1994, completing over one billion hours of service. AmeriCorps consists of three main programs: AmeriCorps State and National, whose members serve with national and local nonprofit and community groups; AmeriCorps VISTA, through which members serve full-time fighting poverty; and AmeriCorps NCCC (National Civilian Community Corps), a team-based residential program for young adults 18-24 who carry out projects in public safety, the environment, youth development, and disaster relief and preparedness. There are seven hundred AmeriCorps service sites in Indiana, engaging more than seven thousand members ranging in age from high school students to retirees. Their projects include assisting with housing, tutoring, mentoring, and after-school programs, educational programs that help students develop life skills, critical thinking and self management, and programs addressing targeted community needs such as the United Against Opioid Abuse initiative. Many AmeriCorps members are recent college graduates looking to expand their leadership skills and experiences before entering the workforce or grad school. Benefits for AmeriCorps members include student loan deferment during their service and the Segal Educational award that can be used to pay educational loans or additional education. While conducting service site assignments, members are to be absolutely neutral in politics and religious activities. They are prohibited from influencing legislation or elections, organizing protests or boycotts, or providing direct benefits to unions, businesses or partisan political organizations. The AmeriCorps pledge states the goals and philosophy of service: I will get things done for America - to make our people safer, smarter, and healthier. I will bring Americans together to strengthen our communities. Faced with apathy, I will take action. Faced with conflict, I will seek common ground. Faced with adversity, I will persevere. I will carry this commitment with me this year and beyond. I am an AmeriCorps member, and I will get things done. Both the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps provide people of all ages opportunities to make their community and the world a better place.
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The United Council on Opioids serving White County just celebrated its first anniversary. Since January 25, 2019 more than 70 community members have participated in creating solutions to the local substance abuse crisis. The UCO has developed partnerships with agencies across the region. As we celebrate the UCO first anniversary, let’s reflect on all the accomplishments of its first year.
White County United Way brought leaders from the area together in the spring of 2018 to ascertain whether there was interest in developing a coalition to address the substance use epidemic. Under the United Way leadership, the AmeriCorps United Against Opioid Abuse initiative began and led to the formation of the United Council on Opioids. In one year, the UCO task-force groups have sponsored three rounds of billboard advertising promoting awareness of substance abuse in partnership with the City of Monticello. They gathered information on treatment and recovery services in multiple locations around White County, developing resource directories/brochures of services that support mental and substance use disorder. In a partnership with the Boys and Girls Club, an opioid awareness play was written and performed by Boys and Girls Club members to 5th graders at Meadowlawn and the members of the Lynn Treece Boys and Girls club in Lafayette. The UCO has partnered closely with the North Central Quick Response Team in connecting peers to local agencies and services. The UCO has spread the word about QRT to service organizations, government agencies, and business to help reach out to those in need in our community. They are partnering with NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Health) to bring a grief support group to White County as well as providing facilitator training for people desiring to lead mental health support groups locally. The UCO partnered with IU Health, the White County Health Department and the Coroner, ministerial association, community corrections, and White County United Way for an ISDH INCARES ECHO grant to further awareness and treatment options in White County. Healthy Communities of Clinton County has become a valuable ally, connecting White County to services and grants to meet the needs of our community in child safety, healthy lifestyles, mental health, and substance abuse prevention and awareness. The UCO has worked closely with local law enforcement, the coroner, probation, prosecutor and health departments to gather statistics to show the needs and improvements made in combating substance abuse. They invited nationally-recognized speakers like Justin Beattey from the Indiana Association of Peer Recovery Support Services, Justin Phillips from Overdose Lifeline, and Mike Thibideau from Indiana Work Force Recovery to the county to share information about solutions to substance abuse and how those services can impact our community. Their expertise and knowledge have inspired and guided UCO work and goals. The UCO is grateful for every individual and organization that has joined the vision of eliminating overdose deaths and increasing treatment and recovery awareness and services in White County. Together we can accomplish so much. There is synergy in our collective efforts and the momentum is increasing and moving us forward. The task is large and can be overwhelming. But together as we pool resources and knowledge, we are making a difference. Everyone has gifts that can work towards meeting the needs of our community. If you would like to join this important work, please contact Lynn Saylor or Nikie Jenkinson at 574-583-6544. Our next UCO quarterly celebration will be March 6th from noon to 1:30 at IU White Memorial Hospital. This is a wonderful opportunity to experience the successes of the UCO first hand. We would love for you to join us! Happy Birthday, United Council on Opioids! May you have many more years of service to the community. In thinking about substance use it is important to recognize the close relationship between substance use disorder and mental health issues. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, at least fifty percent of those involved in substance use also struggle with mental illness, and vice-versa.
Professionals in mental health and addiction services refer to this as comorbidity. Comorbidity refers to the presence of more than one disorder in the same person. There can be comorbidity or overlap with diabetes and heart disease, or infectious diseases and dementia. Mental disorders that tend to show comorbidity include substance abuse, eating and anxiety disorders. Comorbidity is often associated with more complex treatment requirements, more negative health consequences, and increased healthcare costs. In comorbidity the interactions between the illnesses make them both worse. Mental illness and substance abuse have many of the same risk factors. Trauma is often associated with both. People with mental health issues are more likely to self medicate with illicit substances as a coping strategy. They often use substances to reduce anxiety, avoid dealing with past trauma and mask its consequences. Although some drugs may temporarily reduce the symptoms of mental illness, they can also make symptoms worse and actually contribute to the progression of the illness. Both mental illness and substance use can cause changes to the brain, making an individual more vulnerable to increased substance use. Both can affect the reward center of the brain, decrease awareness of consequences for behavior, decrease impulse control, and increase drug cravings. Substance use can also change the structures of the brain that can contribute to mental illness. Substance use and mental health issues are often treated by different treatment providers. It can be difficult to find a facility or provider that integrates all of these needs. Those with comorbidity are less likely to follow their treatment plan and drop out of treatment more frequently than those with only one of the factors. People with this comorbidity often use more than one substance, further complicating treatment Those with both mental illness and substance abuse issues tend to have the most difficulties with life in general. They tend to have higher rates of interpersonal problems, homelessness, unemployment, arrest, and medical need. It is important to connect them to community agencies to help secure housing, food, health care, job training and legal support. Progress is being made in research and development of effective integrated treatment. Treatment providers are recognizing the complexities of this comorbidity and programs for treatment continue to be developed. . Increasing interpersonal skills and coping skills that support motivation and further recovery has been helpful in treating comorbidities of substance use disorder and mental illness. Even in these challenging situations, there is hope. Treatment works. Recovery is possible. If you or someone you know is struggling with substance abuse, please call to talk to a live person: 765-490-0381. One of the arguments for legalizing recreational cannabis is that it would improve the opioid/substance use crisis. Can marijuana help with the treatment of more harmful addictions? Will marijuana increase overall rates of substance use disorder? I know and respect people who are passionate on both sides of this debate, and each perspective is represented in this article.
There is a mother whose child has struggled with various forms of addiction for many years. She sees legalization as a ray of hope for those struggling with addiction. She is certain that safe, legalized marijuana would allow her child to maintain recovery and avoid additional legal issues. She believes that cannabis will help with the discomfort and cravings of withdrawal. As a Pro Cannabis advocate, she emphasizes the benefits of natural health, the medical history that cannabis had before prohibition, and the natural endocannabinoid system in our bodies. She states that cannabis is better medically assisted treatment for opioids than the current practice of using suboxone, buprenorphine or methadone. On the other hand, a friend in recovery is convinced that legalizing recreational marijuana is the worst thing that could happen for those involved in substance use. He believes that legalization could lead to increased addiction and abuse. He argues that alcohol and pot reduce impulse control and inhibition, and those under the influence are more likely to take risks that they would not take if sober. He points out that legalization of opioids and alcohol have only legitimized their use and created more abusers. Pro-legalization supporters argue that no one has ever died of a marijuana overdose. The two sides quote differing research on whether or not legalization has increased or decreased opioid overdose fatalities in states with legalized use. Opponents of legalization claim that legalizing marijuana increases the rates of addiction to harder drugs, such as heroin and meth. Pro-cannabis advocates claim that just because users of heroin or cocaine are likely to have used marijuana earlier in life doesn’t mean that cannabis was the catalyst for their later drug use. A person in recovery told me, “I know many people who use recreational marijuana and have not gone on to harder drugs. But every person I know who is using harder drugs, started with marijuana and alcohol.” Another person responded that cannabis might help people treat addiction to harder drugs “until they want a better high.” Anecdotal stories do not reflect scientific research, but there is little consensus in the research. As with many controversial topics, both sides cite studies supporting their position and reasons to invalidate research by their opponents. Passionate people on both sides are often unconvinced by the arguments of the other side. The “truth” continues to be evasive and clear answers are few. The jury is still out on how legalization will affect many aspects of our society, as the debate continues. In this series of articles on the legalization of cannabis or marijuana, we have looked at the complexity of drug schedules. Today we will look at arguments for and against.
As with many controversial topics, the loudest voices on both sides of legalization of marijuana tend to paint the issue as black and white. Finding a balanced voice that does not sensationalize the issue can be difficult. When examining a point/counter point comparison of each position, both sides cite research supporting their arguments. It is difficult for the average reader to discern anecdotal evidence from scientific, peer reviewed studies. Proponents of legalizing recreational marijuana say it will add billions to the economy, create hundreds of thousands of jobs, free up scarce police resources, and stop the huge racial disparities in marijuana enforcement. They contend that regulating marijuana will lower street crime, take business away from the drug cartels, and make marijuana use safer through required testing, labeling, and child-proof packaging. They say marijuana is less harmful than alcohol, and that adults should have a right to use it if they wish. Opponents of legalizing recreational marijuana say it will increase teen use and lead to more medical emergencies including traffic deaths from driving while high. They contend that revenue from legalization falls far short of the costs in increased hospital visits, addiction treatment, environmental damage, crime, workplace accidents, and lost productivity. They say that marijuana use harms the user physically and mentally, and that its use should be strongly discouraged, not legalized. Proponents of legalization compare current criminalization of cannabis to the failure of Alcohol Prohibition in the 1920s. Opponents compare the legalization camp to ‘Big Tobacco’ tactics of luring youth and exploiting people for profit. Both sides are concerned with protecting children. Opponents state legalization will allow increased access to youth, and there is emerging evidence that heavy marijuana use by teens can negatively impact their IQs later in life and increase the occurrence of schizophrenia and violence. Proponents state that proper regulation of legalized cannabis will protect youth from risks and allow adults to use safely. According to Gallup polls in 2018 and 2019, a record-high sixty-six percent Americans support legalizing marijuana, up from twelve percent in 1969. Popular opinion is shifting to a more pro-cannabis stance. However, medical and public health organizations such as the American Medical Association, the American Cancer Society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics do not advocate for legalization of marijuana, stating marijuana needs to be subject to the same rigorous clinical testing as other medical treatment and “should not be decided by ballot initiatives decided by individuals who are not qualified to make such decisions.” Perhaps the most important question in the marijuana debate is whether we have enough unbiased information to hold an opinion at all. This is the first in a series of articles about legalizing marijuana. Legalization of marijuana is a complex issue with many influencing factors and potential consequences. One often-overlooked factor is how drug schedules are developed by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
Drug scheduling is the way the United States government classifies drugs, based on their medical value, safety, and potential for abuse or addiction. Drugs and substances are divided into five categories, or schedules. Schedule 1 drugs have a high potential for addiction and abuse, with no recognized medical value in the United States. On the other end of the scale, Schedule 5 drugs have low potential for addiction and misuse, and are generally accepted as safe for medical use. In general, the higher a drug is classified, the more federal restrictions and the more severe the criminal penalties for possessing it. Any drug listed on the DEA schedule is considered a controlled substance. If a drug is classified as a Schedule 1 or 2 drug, there are severe regulatory restrictions on its research, supply and access. The main difference between a Schedule 1 and 2 drug is that Schedule 1 drugs are considered to have no medical value while Schedule 2 drugs have some medical value. For example, schedule 1 drugs include heroin, LSD, marijuana, ecstasy, and peyote; Schedule 2 drugs include Vicodin, cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, Dilaudid, Demerol, OxyContin, fentanyl, Dexedrine, Adderall, and Ritalin; Schedule 3 drugs include codeine, ketamine, anabolic steroids, and testosterone; Schedule 4 drugs include Lorcaserin, Xanax, Soma, Darvon, Darvocet, Valium, Ativan, Talwin, Ambien, and Tramadol; and Schedule 5 drugs include Robitussin AC, Lomotil, Motofen, Lyrica, and Parepectolin. Many are surprised to find that marijuana is a Schedule 1 drug and methamphetamine (meth) is a Schedule 2 drug. A frustration of those in favor of medical marijuana is that having a schedule 1 classification limits the amount of research that can be done to substantiate its medical value. This becomes a Catch-22, as proving a drug has medical value requires large-scale controlled clinical trials, which are limited for marijuana due to its Schedule 1 status. Others, including Mark Kleiman, believe that under the current scheduling, alcohol and nicotine would be marked as Schedule 1 substances if they were evaluated today (National Review). Another difficulty in developing scientific studies of medical use of marijuana is that all marijuana used for research must be obtained from the only approved grow site in the United States at the University of Mississippi (approved through the National Institute of Drug Abuse). Even though medical marijuana is legal in 23 states, marijuana sold legally under state law remains illegal federally, and prohibited for research use under federal guidelines. Some argue that even if marijuana was moved to Schedule 2, a prescription would be required to legally dispense it and that would complicate state-legal marijuana dispensaries and retail stores already established in states with legalized marijuana. Recently, H.R.3884 - Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act of 2019, a comprehensive marijuana reform law, was introduced to Congress to decriminalize and de-schedule marijuana. At the time of this writing, it was passed by the House Judiciary committee and awaits vote in the House and Senate. These are only a few of the complexities concerning the legalization of marijuana. Next time we will discuss arguments from both sides of the marijuana debate. https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/07/mark-kleiman-was-the-nations-greatest-thinker-on-drug-policy/ As we near the end of the year, let’s take a look at what we have accomplished in the past twelve months. Many people may be curious to learn that the initiative to reduce opioid addiction really only started recently with our White County United Way.
The White County United Way has always worked to strengthen community and maintain the quality of life of all people in White County, through financial stability, health, and education. Our local United Way takes the pulse of local problems seeking to bring innovative solutions to address them. Research shows that successful programs for instituting change evolve from community need and grow from the bottom-up through resources and interest, and eventually develop into a strategic, collaborative effort. To this end, in April of 2018, the White County United Way met with stakeholders from the community to gauge the level of interest and investment in bringing an AmeriCorps member in the United Against Opioid Abuse initiative to White County. The group included representatives from local courts, police, sheriff, fire and city offices. All agreed that this program might benefit the community. In September 2018, an AmeriCorps member was hired and began working. The first phase of the work was to gather community input about what had been done in the past, how the community viewed the problem, and possible solutions. Community conversations and assessments were held with the fire department, social agencies, school counselors, inmates in the county jail, ministerial association as well as other individuals involved in dealing with the substance abuse crisis in White County. In all, more than seventy individuals in twenty agencies were involved in these conversations. In the first quarter of 2019, the United Council on Opioids was organized to bring community members and agencies together to create a strategic plan to increase communication and collaboration to continue the good work begun with various agencies and individuals. The goal was to decrease the number of overdose deaths and bring substance abuse services to those in need. From this council, three task force groups were formed: prevention, treatment, and recovery. Each of these groups has met monthly since March working on specific goals and strategies to address substance abuse in our community. The Prevention task force is working to increase community awareness and prevention of substance abuse. Collaborating with the White County Boys and Girls Club, youth drama club members presented a skit to 5th graders to increase awareness of opioid addiction and prescription medications. Through an AIMs grant (Accelerating Indiana Municipalities) two rounds of billboard campaigns were created and purchased in White County to share the message that recovery is possible. The Recovery and Treatment task force groups were instrumental in working with Valley Oaks Health to bring an expansion of the Tippecanoe Quick Response Team into White County through a federal grant from the Family and Social Services Administration. The QRT began its work here in September 2019 and has contacted more than thirty clients in White County, connecting six to treatment for substance abuse. Because of the community’s commitment and collaboration, building on what was done in the past, we are seeing progress. As we pool resources and ideas, the momentum is building and we are making a difference locally. Our successes inspire us to keep going. We can accomplish great things as we work together towards a common goal. If you are interested in learning more or participating in this important work, please contact Whitecountyamericorps@gmail.com. This column has discussed the Quick Response Team in previous columns. This time we will discuss what happens when you call them.
Anyone can call the QRT at 765-490-0381. You can call for yourself, or to refer a friend or family member. Your call will be answered by a certified recovery specialist. A CRS is a person in long-term recovery from substance use or a mental health issue who has received forty hours of training and passed a certification exam. You will be asked for your name (or the name of the person you are referring), age, and a brief description of the situation. They will also ask you for contact information (phone, address or if the person is homeless, where they tend to hang out). They will explain that they are a person in long-term recovery and have been where you are. They will ask where you are in your recovery process and what you need to continue in your recovery today. The first step in the QRT contact is to do some basic assessments to learn your history and determine the nature and severity of your problem. They will ask you to describe what your life would look like without substance use or mental health issues. They will encourage you to imagine what recovery might look like for you. What are your ultimate goals? For a person beginning recovery, achieving a long-term goal may seem impossible and the obstacles insurmountable. Based on your vision and goals, they will help you prioritize what you would like to work on first. They break it down into manageable steps that you can accomplish. The next step is to identify the services and agencies that would help you achieve your vision. The CRS is an expert in services and support available in the community and will help you access them. If your goal is to find a job, they help you locate possible employers, obtain applications and fill them out. If you are ready to enter detox, they help you obtain insurance, find a treatment center, and transport you to the facility, often that same day. After the initial contact, the CRS will continue to meet with you to work towards your plan for recovery. The frequency of your meetings will depend on your need. The CRS will not do the work for you, but will help you connect to the services you need and assist you in determining how to progress toward your goals. They act as connectors, encouragers and facilitators. Sometimes people are leaving treatment and transitioning into their next step in recovery. They may need help finding housing or finding a support group. The CRS has resources related to all these needs and can connect you to these services. Here are some examples of how the QRT has helped people in White County. One CRS helped a family with substance use and mental health issues who had a house fire. They assisted the family in obtaining clothes and even helped them find a temporary place to stay. In another instance, a CRS helped a client work with the BMV to get a driver’s license re-instated and to set up insurance. When not meeting with contacts, a CRS may distribute Narcan to convenience stores, liquor stores, and bars. They prepare, pack, and pass out toiletry bags to people moving to a treatment centers or transitional housing. To be prepared to connect clients to food pantries, assistance with utility bills, and setting up appointments for services, they research available programs and make important connections weekly. As impressive as the QRT is, there are things they cannot help you with. They cannot help you avoid jail time or help with court appearances. They also cannot get you a car or do things that you can do for yourself. Their purpose is to walk alongside you to rebuild your life to live a balanced, healthy, productive life. The QRT is there as long as you need them. Even after you are established in recovery and doing well, they will continue to check in with you. They emphasize that you are always welcome to call back if you need help in the future. This next installment in our series about community perspectives centers around local pastors who discussed how they view the substance abuse problem in White County. The pastors were very appreciative of the small-town atmosphere of White County, with a strong sense of community where friendly people take care of each other.
They see substance abuse as a somber, weighty issue creating health issues and family crises. Each of them knew stories of parishioners, family members, and neighbors who had been horribly impacted by substance use and its devastation. They are frustrated by their attempts to help people involved in substance use. They see the cycle of drug use, recovery, and relapse. Many felt unequipped to deal with people involved with substance use. Most had never had specific substance use training and struggled to know how to help. Their desire was for the church to be perceived as a place people could come for help with drug issues. They expressed concern for youth who are experimenting with substances recreationally. “The kids know it is wrong, but don’t realize the danger. They don’t see that they are walking a dangerous line and the long-term consequences they are setting themselves up for.” “Nobody doing drugs thinks they will get hooked. They believe it will never happen to me because they are invincible and immortal. Teens believe they have their whole life in front of them, that they will never get hooked, but end up losing years of their lives.” The pastors recognized that isolation from community was a contributor to substance use. People tend to be busy, focused on their own lives, and don’t spend time with their neighbors. The pastors believe it is unhealthy to live in such a privatized world. One pastor expressed frustration that “we are already at a loss, because the drug community is already ahead and winning and we are always playing catch-up.” Some expressed frustration in the community’s casual attitude about drugs and alcohol. Several expressed disappointment in community festivals which included a beer garden, perpetuating the attitude that you can’t have fun without drugs and alcohol. “How can you tell kids, ‘don’t do drugs and alcohol’ when many social activities in the community center around alcohol?” They worried that people in recovery, hoping to avoid temptation, might feel excluded from community events. They were also concerned about senior citizens. Senior adults can unintentionally become addicted to prescription drugs, taking them for legitimate medical needs and becoming vulnerable to overdose. They wondered if the seniors were even aware of the dangers. Their hope for White County was to pool resources and work together collaborating with other agencies. They are grateful that this is beginning to happen and are developing partnerships with police, sheriff and fire departments. “As a community, we may have our differences, but we always bond together in times in need. When there is crisis, the differences fade into the background and we pull together to take care of each other.” School counselors from White County discussed their experiences with students related to substance abuse. They share their perspectives in the remainder of the article below, with quotations reflecting their individual insights.
School counselors see two problems: students who are affected by a family member involved in substance abuse and student usage. Both impact our schools. They see the effects of a family member’s addiction on students. The emotional and social effects on students are far-reaching and influence their academic success. “When family members are involved in addiction, it is difficult for students to be successful without support from home. Parents who use are setting their kids up to follow them down that path.” “I feel sad for kids who have parents who are using. They lack the kind of support system that makes other kids successful. Parents can be very good about hiding their issues. They simply don’t come around to school.” Counselors wonder how to help students whose families are struggling with substance abuse, overdose and incarceration. They also see students begin their own journey into addiction. They know of former students who have destroyed their lives with substance abuse. “I want students to succeed and graduate. Students who I suspect may be using drugs show higher attendance issues and academic struggles.” The counselors expressed concerns about the young age when kids begin using drugs. They emphasize the importance of prevention and keeping kids from becoming involved with drugs. “In the long run, it is so much easier to prevent someone from getting involved with drugs than to deal with the consequences of a destroyed life.” Others mentioned the difficulty in getting adolescents to understand the dangers and take them seriously. “They think they are invincible and [addiction] won’t happen to them.” Many expressed frustration and fear. “Honestly, sometimes I feel defeated and discouraged. I see how debilitating this epidemic has become and it is sad how poorly our society treats aspects of this problem. I am fearful for my own children growing up during this epidemic because of how accessible these drugs have become.” “It makes me very sad and sick to my stomach. There is an attitude that if someone overdoses then it’s on them and we shouldn’t be spending money to save the life of someone who is just going to get high again.” “Actually, I think it goes back to viewing addiction as a community health issue rather than a crime. The stigma surrounding addiction and lack of resources are keeping us from making the progress that we want.” “Our community needs to understand and buy-in to [addressing this issue by] making resources available to help those who are struggling. We need local services and treatment.” “We need more awareness, education, and access to counseling and services. We need to let people get help without getting in trouble with the law.” All the counselors indicated a commitment to developing a community where children were safe and protected, where families receive the support they need to eliminate the generational cycles of addiction, and where the community works together to solve problems. Their goal is to provide the support to students and families to make this happen. If someone you know is struggling with substance use, please encourage them to talk to a guidance counselor at their school. Adults over age 18 can call 765-490-0381 to talk to a live person about getting help. There is hope! |
AuthorLynn Saylor is the AmeriCorps member working with the United Against Opioid Abuse Initiative alongside the White County United Way. She is a major facilitator of the United Council on Opioids serving White County and a regular contributor to local media. Archives
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